Fasteners and Other Assemblies

ABSTRACT

The invention discloses several types of fastener, fastening systems, fastener assemblies and related areas. 
     In particular, the invention relates to a releasable fastening system ( 150 ) which has a pin ( 152 ) with a locking cavity ( 163 ). The pin is intended for insertion in an aperture ( 154 ). A locking means ( 158, 160 ) engages the locking cavity ( 163 ) of the pin ( 152 ) when the pin ( 152 ) is received in the aperture ( 154 ), The system ( 150 ) also includes unlocking means ( 162 ) which includes material adapted to contract when activated. When a material contracts, engagement means ( 158 ) included in the locking means ( 158, 160 ), disengage the locking cavity ( 154 ).

PRIORITY

This application is a continuation application claiming priority fromU.S. application Ser. No. 12/500,045 filed on Jul. 9, 2009 which is adivisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/579,583 filed on May 17,2006.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention is concerned with fasteners and other assemblies,including an improved framing system.

The invention in its various aspects has wide application, as will beapparent from the description below.

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION

The invention covers a wide range of fasteners, fastening systems,fastener assemblies and related areas. These represent improvements overprior art fasteners and fastener assemblies, etc.

In aspects of the invention discussed below, reference is made tomaterial adapted to contract when activated.

The material adapted to contract when activated is preferably shapememory alloy wire. Shape memory alloys are known and are usually madepredominantly or wholly of titanium and nickel. They may also includeother material, such as aluminium, zinc and copper. A shape memory alloyis capable of adopting one shape below a predetermined transitiontemperature and changing to a second shape once its temperature exceedsthe transition temperature. Conversely, when the shape memory alloycools below the transition temperature, it is capable of adopting thefirst shape again. In connection with the various aspects of the presentinvention, the shape memory alloy contracts when heated in situ. Shapememory alloy wire currently available, such as that sold under the trademark Nitinol, is capable of contracting by about 3% when activated byheating.

Activation of the material adapted to contract when activated ispreferably achieved through electrical resistance heating, with a wirefeed to the assembly. Activation of the shape memory alloy wire can beinitiated from a central location, using the wiring system of, forexample, an air craft or automobile. It is also within the scope of thisinvention that the activation is initiated by remote means, such as ahand held tool operating through the use of any suitable form of energy,including microwave, electric magnetic, sonic, infra-red, radiofrequency and so on.

The scope of the invention in its various aspects is not necessarilylimited to the use of shape memory alloy. Other material may also beuseful. Also, while activation may take place through heating, othermeans of activation may be suitable and are within the scope of thisinvention.

The fasteners and fastening systems of the invention may be particularlysuitable for use in connection with automobiles and to some extent thedescription below may focus on this application. However, it is to beunderstood that the scope of the invention is not limited to thisapplication.

There is a marked trend towards increasing electronic control in motorvehicles. Nowadays, many motor vehicles incorporate computer systemswhich use a Controller Area Network (CAN) in which modules communicatedata to the computer via a bus, or a local interconnect network (LIN)which also enables communication of data via a bus.

The present invention in some of its many aspects is intended to takeadvantage of the trend towards increased electronic control in vehicles.The present invention provides several versions of fasteners which maybe suitable for use in vehicles and which may provide significantadvantages in relation to assembly of vehicles and service of vehicles.In particular, the fasteners of the present invention may be suitablefor connection to a vehicle computer via a CAN or LIN.

Sonic fasteners and fastening systems of the invention can be designedto be activated only by authorised parties, such as those engaged invehicle assembly or servicing. Others can be designed to be operated byvehicle owners.

In appropriate forms, any of the fasteners and the fastening systems ofthe invention can have primary and secondary functions, the primaryfunction being to attach components to the vehicle body and thesecondary function being the control of component switching. It ispossible that use of fastening systems according to the invention mayreduce the number of sub-network wiring components required in avehicle, through direct connection into the CAN bus, for example. Ineffect, each fastener may become its own multiplex module/communicationsgateway or node on the CAN bus.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, this invention provides a fastener which represents avariation of a fastener disclosed in International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/AU03/00759 (“the original beam fastener”). The original beamfastener had a flexible beam which was movable between an engagementposition and a disengagement position when actuating means wereactivated. The actuating means included a material adapted to contractwhen activated, such as a shape memory alloy. In the fastener of thefirst aspect of this invention, it is no longer necessary that the beamis flexible. Accordingly, this invention provides, in the first aspect,a fastener which includes:

-   -   (a) a fastening element having a beam, an engagement means        located on one side of the beam, a base and a flex point        separate from the beam; and    -   actuating means attached to the fastening element and including        a material adapted to contract when activated; wherein the beam        is movable, upon contraction of the material, between an        engagement position and a disengagement position, and wherein        the base has a first arm and a second arm joined by the flex        point, the beam being located at one end of the first arm and        the flex point being located on the same side of the beam as the        engagement means.

The fastener of this first aspect of the invention is designed so that,when the material contracts, the fastening element flexes or moves aboutthe flex point and the engagement means is drawn out of the engagementposition. The fastener may be otherwise as disclosed in InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/AU03/00759, except that it is not necessarythat the beam flexes to enable the engagement means to disengage.

The fastener of this first aspect of the invention may be made of anysuitable material, including plastic or metal. The fastener may be madeof a combination of materials.

The tensile strength of the beam should be sufficiently high that thefastener can fasten useful loads. Preferably, the material of the beamhas sufficient fatigue strength to accommodate the desired number oflocked/unlocked cycles.

The engagement means preferably takes the form of a projecting wedgewhich can key into a corresponding recess in a wall of an element. Otherconfigurations are possible. For example, the engagement means may he asnap means, a rod for latching over a hook, or an aperture which canlatch over a projection such as a peg. The engagement means may take theform of a dovetail on the beam fitting into an appropriate recess. Thefastener of the invention can engage with an identical fastener, forexample.

Preferably, the material, which contracts when activated, is a shapememory material as has been discussed above. Preferably, the shapememory material is a titanium-nickel wire which, when sufficient energyin the form of an electrical current is applied, heats to or above atemperature at which the material shrinks by about 4 to 5%. As will beseen from the discussion in connection with the drawings, below, onapplication of energy such as electrical energy in order to generateheat above a predetermined level, the beam can be caused to move awayfrom the engagement position in which a first element is fastened to asecond element, thereby releasing the elements. Conversely, if the shapememory material is permitted to cool below the transitional temperature,in some embodiments the beam may assume the engagement, position and theelements may be fastened again.

The flex point is preferably located forward of the engagement means soas to improve force geometry and to increase the retaining strength ofthe fastener. An example of this is illustrated in the attacheddrawings.

It is preferred that the material which contracts when activated iscontained in one or more grooves in the beam. This can provide physicalprotection for the material as well as decreasing heat up/cool downtimes. It can also reduce ambient temperature effects and increase beamstrength. It can enable the beam to maintained in the disengagementposition for a desired length of time. This can be regarded as a “hold”state. Such a hold state may be established using less power (such aselectrical current) than that required to move the beam from theengagement position to the disengagement position. This may be achievedby insulating the material which contracts when activated by beingmaintained in grooves in the beam.

It is further preferred that bias means, urging the fastener to theengagement position, is provided. A non-limiting example of such biasmeans is a leaf spring, preferably of metal. This can urge the materialto stretch out once it has cooled and relaxed. It can also greatlyreduce any potential for creep deformation in the fastening element whenmade of plastic.

Because the beam does not need to bend, it may be made thicker and canhave more strength. The beam may be machined, cast, moulded or formed inany desirable way.

Means intended for engagement by the engagement means may take anysuitable form. Some have already been mentioned above, for example partof a snap means, a hook, a peg, a recess or an identical fastener. Ifthe fastener is used for fastening a fuel filler door to a car body, forexample, it is preferred that means for engagement by the engagementmeans is an aperture on the door.

In this example, the actuating means is preferably actuated eitherthrough a suitable switch located on the dash board of the vehicle orthrough a signal generated from the vehicle key. The latter can beconvenient because the driver does not need to remember to actuate thefuel filler door before getting out of the vehicle: the driver needsonly to take the vehicle key to the fuel pump and. release the fuelfilter door while standing next to the vehicle.

The fastener of this first aspect of the invention may be “intelligent”or not. It may be addressable. It may be part of a network. it may havea switching capacity and it may include sensors. All of these and otherinformation is contained in international patent application No.PCT/AU03/00759, the content of which is imported herein by reference.All applicable features in PCT/AU03/00759 apply to the fastener of thefirst aspect of the present invention.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the fastener includes amicroprocessor which can carry out one or more roles. Microprocessor cancontrol the energy delivery to the shape memory alloy wire, preferablyby a temperature-dependent algorithm. It can control temperature of theshape memory alloy wire. It can sense the state of the fastener andwhether it is engaged or not. It can report this, along with secondarysensed information, to a network of which the fastener forms a part.Preferably, the microprocessor carries out all these roles. More detailis given below in the description of the second aspect of the invention.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a fastening system Which canhave widespread applications. One embodiment, referred to below as aring clip fastener, was developed to suit multiple attachment points inretaining panels, such as in automotive use or for furniture. Thefastener is not restricted to these applications.

In another embodiment, the fastening system of the second aspect of theinvention has been developed especially for rugged high-wearapplications. This fastening system, which may be referred to as a studfastener, is capable of being strong and carrying a high load, such assecuring equipment to a vehicle. It is to be understood that thefastening system in this embodiment is not limited to these parameters,however. Stud fasteners can be useful in many other applications. Theycan be used, for example, to close doors, being attached to a door frameand adapted to receive a pin or stud on the door.

In another embodiment, the fastening system of the invention can be usedas an “inline” fastener.

Accordingly, in the second aspect this invention provides a releasablefastening system including:

-   -   a pin having a locking cavity;    -   an aperture for receiving the pin;    -   a locking means adapted to engage the locking cavity of the pill        when the pin is received in the aperture; and    -   an unlocking means including material adapted to contract when        activated, wherein the locking means comprises or includes        engagement means adapted to disengage the locking cavity when        the material contracts.

The pin may be chosen from a large range of suitable shapes. As oneexample, the pin may be generally circular in cross-section, tapering intowards the base. The pin may be a stud, peg, bolt or any other suitableelement. The pin may be formed integrally with or attached to an elementto be fastened. The attachment may be by adhesion, clipping or othersuitable means.

The material adapted to contract when activated is preferably attachedto the engagement means to move it out of engagement with the lockingcavity when activated and so permit release of the pin.

The material which contracts when activated is preferably the shapememory ahoy wire described above.

The locking cavity may take any suitable form. but preferably is one ormore indentations or a groove. If a groove, the groove may be adapted toreceive the locking means in some or all of the groove.

The aperture is preferably formed centrally in a body which may housethe locking means and the unlocking means. The aperture is preferably ofthe same shape as the cross-sectional shape of the pin, for example,circular. The aperture may take any other suitable shape.

If the pin is designed with a taper, it can be pushed into the apertureand be engaged without the need for any activation of the material. Thetaper on the pin can serve to form a ramp pushing the locking meansapart until it snaps into the locking cavity, such as a groove. In thisconfiguration, the fastening system is engaged. To disengage thefastening system, it is necessary to activate the material so that itcontracts and pulls the locking means out of engagement with the groove.For example, if the locking means is a clip, one or more loops of shapememory alloy wire may encircle the clip, with one end of a loop beingfastened to one arm of the clip and one end of another loop beingattached to the other arm of the clip.

The locking means includes or consists of engagement means which isadapted to disengage the locking cavity when the material contracts. Inone embodiment, the engagement means is a clip. In a differentembodiment, the engagement means is one or a plurality of elements, suchas teeth. The invention is not limited to these embodiments.

When the engagement means includes or consists of a clip, the clip maytake any suitable form but preferably is a collar, a bias spring or atype of circlip, in each case with arms which can be pulled apart out ofengagement with the locking cavity. The clip may generally follow theshape of the groove (eg, circular), but may take another suitable shape,such as “U” shape.

The locking means may consist of the clip, as described above, or it mayinclude other elements, such as a clip chassis. A clip chassis may beconvenient to carry the clip and to facilitate operation of theunlocking means. For example, the clip may be mounted in or on the clipchassis and the unlocking means, such as one or more loops of shapememory alloy wire, may be connected to the clip chassis. In thisexample, when the shape memory alloy contracts, it causes the clipchassis to open, forcing apart the arms of the clip so that the clipmoves out of engagement with the grooves. The clip chassis may be hingedto enable it to open during this procedure.

In another embodiment, the clip chassis may be used alone, the clipchassis including bias means such as a spring to urge it to the engagedposition.

In all embodiments, the clip is preferably biased towards the engagementconfiguration. This can enable the pin to be engaged passively withoutactivation of the material if the pin is shaped to push the clip open onentry into the aperture as described above. The bias of the clip mayalso assist the material which contracts when activated, such as theshape memory alloy wire, to return to the relaxed or elongated shapewhen it cools or is otherwise no longer activated.

When the engagement means includes or consists of one or a plurality ofelements such as teeth, each of these is preferably designed to fit intothe locking cavity, in this embodiment being a groove in the pin.Preferably, there is a plurality of such elements, being teeth.

In this embodiment, the teeth are preferably surrounded by a rotatablebody, such as a shuttle. The shuttle is rotatable to an engagementposition, where the teeth engage the groove, and to a disengagementposition, where the teeth disengage from the groove.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the shuttle has one or moreapertures or spaces into which the engagement means may be received inthe unlocking position. When the engagement means, such as teeth, arenot in these apertures or spaces, the shuttle is designed to push theengagement means into the locking cavity and hence to the lockingposition.

In another embodiment, the shuttle may include or be associated withmeans adapted to engage the engagement means and draw them out ofengagement with the locking cavity, when the shuttle is rotated to theunlocking position.

The shuttle may be rotated by the locking means which includes materialadapted to contract when activated. Preferably, this material is shapememory alloy wire, as discussed above in connection with the firstaspect of the invention. It is further preferred that the shape memoryalloy wire is wound around the shuttle which is rotatable within a bodyfor the fastening system. In this embodiment, the shape memory alloywire is attached at one end to the shuttle and at the other to anon-rotatable part of the fastener. When the shape memory alloy wire iscaused to contract by the application of suitable energy to reach thenecessary temperature, the shuttle can rotate from the locking positionto the unlocking position. A second shape memory alloy wire may besimilarly connected to the shuttle in order to rotate it from theunlocking position to the locking position.

It is particularly preferred that a retractable cap is included in thereleaseable fastening system of the second aspect of the invention, topresent a smooth appearance when the pin is not inserted in the cavity.An example of this is described in connection with the drawings, below.If the retractable cap is included, it can be pushed further into thecavity by the pin when the pin is inserted in the cavity, theretractable cap being spring biased towards the cavity opening. Thisembodiment can have a clean flat visual finish when not in use.

It is also preferred that the retractable cap, when used, also has firstengagement means, similar to the pin. In this way, the retractable capcan work the same way as the pin in the releaseable fastening system ofthis second aspect of the invention in so far as the cap is locked orreleased by the locking means. If this embodiment is utilised, it may benecessary to include means enabling the cap to be withdrawn from thecavity and/or to provide some indication that the cap has been released.

As a variation of the fastening system of the second aspect, the pin anda core in the cavity may contain conductors for power and dataconnections for the releaseable fastening system or conduits for othermaterial, e.g., liquid, gas. This may accommodate, for example, a GPSsystem connected to the power source of, for example, a motor cycle.

As set out above, the fastening system of the second aspect of theinvention can be constructed so as to be rugged for high load and highusage applications. It can be dust and. water resistant if it includesthe retractable cap or a sprung cover. It can be designed so that thepin can be inserted in the cavity and engaged without any need foractivation of the contractible material. However, it is intended thatthe contractible material must be activated before disengagement cantake place.

It will also be appreciated that the invention in the second aspect maynot provide for “insertion anytime” as is the case with at least some ofthe previous aspects. It is preferred that the fastening system of thesecond aspect of the invention requires positive disengagement of thelocking means before the pin may be inserted in the cavity.

Disclosed above are embodiments of the invention in its second aspect.These embodiments have been referred to as ring clip fasteners and studfasteners. The invention in its second aspect can also provide a thirdtype of fastener known as an “inline” fastener. This type of fastenercan be useful for locks, latches, closures and the like. The fastenercan be made of sufficiently slim profile to be able to be concealedwithin elements having at least one narrow dimension, for example havinga thickness of between 15 and 20 mm.

When the fastening system of the second aspect of the invention is usedas an inline fastener, it is preferred that the locking cavity is one ormore indentations engagable by the engagement means, For use as aninline fastener, it is preferred that the fastening system is containedwithin a box which may be inserted into a panel. The engagement means ispreferably a pair of latch arms. Preferably, the locking means alsoinclude slidable shuttle in which the latch arms are generally received.in a preferred embodiment, the locking means has pair of arms adapted toembrace the latch arms in the locking position and to hold the latcharms in locking contact with a latch, bar, projection or the like. Inthis embodiment, drawing of the shuttle away from the latch arms isdesigned to allow the latch arms to release contact with the latch, bar,projection or the like.

The engagement means further preferably includes a pawl to facilitaterapid resetting of the fastening system after activation of thematerial. In this embodiment, the fastening system of the invention caneliminate unnecessary delay between sequential unlocking and lockingactions. It is also an option that this facility can be cancelled ifrapid locking followed by unlocking is not desirable.

Preferably, the fastening system of the invention includes means forindicating the locked or unlocked states of the fastening system. By wayof a non limiting example, this can be effected by microswitches incontact with the shuttle or an extension thereof Information as to thelocked or unlocked status of the fastening system can be conveyed to anindicator light or similar indicium locating in a convenient position.

The engagement means is preferably biased towards the locking position,preferably by a coiled spring, positioned in the fastening system of theinvention so that the spring urges the locking means, such as theshuttle, toward the locking position. When the material is activated,this may cause compression of the spring, which accordingly can returnthe locking means towards the locking position once the material is nolonger activated.

It is preferred that the fastening system of the invention includesadditional biasing means, such as a spring attached to the pawl and aspring for ejecting the latch, bar or projection.

Shape memory alloy wire currently available, such as that sold under thetrade mark Nitinol, is capable of contracting by about 3 percent whenactivated by heating. Consequently, in order to provide sufficient“travel” in drawing the engagement means from the locking position tothe unlocking position, the drawing means may include Nitinol wire in asingle, relatively long or double line and a fastening system havingthis configuration may be referred to as an “inline” fastening system.This configuration enables the fastening system to have a slim profile,for the purpose of fitting into panels and similar elements, as referredto above,

In other applications, particularly where a slim profile is not apriority, or in those circumstances where a greater amount of “travel”is desirable, the Nitinol wire may be provided over a non-linear path.This may have the effect of permitting the fastening system of theinvention to be provided in a more compact configuration compared to theinline fastening system referred to above. In addition, if, for example,the length of Nitinol wire in a non-linear path was around 200 mm, theamount of contraction of Nitinol in its presently available form wouldbe about 6 mm. In a non-linear path, the Nitinol wire preferably loopsover one or more spindles or rollers.

Activation of the material adapted to contract when activated ispreferably achieved through electrical resistance heating, with a wirefeed to the fastening system.

The fastening system of the invention may include many other options.One such option is the sensing of change in temperature, for example toindicate a dangerously high temperature, so that an appropriate alarmcan be initiated, the fastening system of the invention being wiredinto, for example, the aircraft electrical system. Other sensingfunctions may be incorporated in the fastening system of the invention.

The fastening system of the invention may include multiple material suchas shape memory alloy wire. This can provide redundancy, so that ifactivation of one shape memory alloy wire fails to operate the system,the other or another of the wires can be activated.

The fastening system of the invention may be constructed in modularform. For instance, the engagement means may form one module, with thematerial being located in a separate module. This allowsinterchangeability so as to permit different types of engagement meansto be exchanged in the fastening system of the invention, or tosubstitute, for example, a single shape memory alloy wire with amulti-strand wire.

The fastening system of the invention is preferably enclosed in ahousing which can be bonded or fitted into the panel, door or the like.This arrangement can assist in electromagnetic protection, canfacilitate exchange of one fastening system with another and can enablebetter adjustment of the fastening system within its surroundings. Thiscan be particularly important if the fastening system of the inventionincludes facility for manual release as mentioned herein. It can alsopermit the status (locked or unlocked) indicator to be visible from thesame aperture which can be used for manual release.

In present aircraft design, most fasteners are designed to be hiddenbehind doors, panels, etc. It is common to include a manual release fora hidden fastener, whereby a tool can be inserted through a smallaperture visible from the cabin side of the door, panel or the like. Itwill be appreciated that this invention can provide a fastening systemwhich can be manually released if desired.

Preferably, the fastening system of the invention includes one or moresensors which can detect whether the pin is present in the system,regardless of whether the fastening system is in the locked or unlockedstate. It is also preferred that the fastening system of the secondaspect of the invention includes lock status sensors, which can reportwhether the fastening system is in the locked or unlocked state, Suchsensors may act as a reed switch, for example, so that When they makecontact a report is generated that the fastening system is in the lockedor unlocked state, depending on the construction of the fasteningsystem. The lock status sensors may also work by enabling completion ofan electrical circuit. Other configurations and means of sensing mayalso be applicable.

The fastening system of the invention may also include a. temperaturesensor for sensing the temperature of the shape memory alloy wire in thepreferred embodiments. This can adjust the amount of energy applied tothe shape memory alloy wire, depending on sensed temperature, to takeinto account varying conditions, For example, if the temperature isrelatively tow, a larger amount of power may need to be delivered to theshape memory alloy wire to heat it to the desired temperature.Conversely, if the temperature is high, the amount of power to bedelivered to the shape memory alloy wire in order to cause it tocontract may be far less. A temperature sensor can enable feedback andcause adjustment, of power delivery in this regard.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the fastening system includes amicroprocessor which can carry out one or several roles. Themicroprocessor can control the energy delivery to the shape memory alloywire, preferably by a temperature-dependent algorithm. Themicroprocessor can control temperature of the shape memory alloy wire.It can sense the state of the fastening system and whether it is engagedor not. The microprocessor can detect whether the pin is present in thefastening system. The microprocessor may report this, along withsecondary sensed information, to a network of which the fastening systemforms a part. Preferably, the microprocessor carries out all theseroles.

The fastening system of the second aspect of the invention alsopreferably includes bias means, such as a spring, biasing the fasteningsystem towards the locked state. The fastening system of the inventionalso preferably includes an ejector spring, to assist ejection of thepin or stud when the engagement means is no longer engaged with thelocking cavity.

This fastening system is capable of being produced at a low cost, withminimum parts and in a very small size. It is suited to high volume massproduction and may be designed so as to require only low powerconsumption, if thin shape memory alloy wires are used.

In one version, the fastening system may take the form of a ring grip orclip fastener, and may be particularly suitable for fixing interiorpanels or door trims, for example, in automobiles.

The fastening function of the fastening system of this second aspect ofthe invention may be regarded as a primary function. The fasteningsystem may have a secondary function, according to which the fasteningsystem controls simple component switching. One example of this is thecontrol of a window motor in a car door. In this context, thereleaseable fastening system can be used to connect one element, such asthe interior lining of a car door, to a second element, such as the cardoor itself. Alternately or additionally, the releaseable fasteningsystem is used to act as a switch in connection with the operation of,for example, a window motor, a door lock assembly, headlights and so on.The releasable fastening system may carry out both functions.

Optionally, the fastening system of the second aspect of the inventionhas a manual override so that the fastening system can be released incase of a power failure or if it is required to test the fasteningsystem before power has been connected, for example.

The fastening system of the invention in various embodiments may includethe manual override. Some examples are shown in the drawings. In thecase of the ring grip embodiment, a manual override may involve a slotthrough which a suitable tool can be passed to prise apart theengagement means, such as a circlip. In the case of the stud fastenerembodiment, the manual override may enable the shuttle, if present, tobe rotated to the unlocking position. One version of manual overrideforms the third aspect of this invention.

Accordingly, the invention in the third aspect provides a manualoverride for a stud fastener of the second aspect of the invention orfor any other suitable fastener having a shuttle movable between alocking position and a unlocking position, the override including:

-   -   a manual actuator adapted to cause the shuttle to move from the        locking position to the unlocking position; and    -   means for drawing the manual actuator so that the shuttle moves        to the unlocking position.

Preferably, the means for drawing the manual actuator so that theshuttle moves to the unlocking position comprises or includes a rodconnected to the manual actuator. For example, the rod may include aprotrusion pivotally connected to the manual actuator. When the rod ispulled in a chosen direction, the manual actuator may be caused to movethrough its connection via the protrusion on the rod to a position wherethe shuttle moves to the unlocking position. Preferably, the manualactuator is connected mechanically to the shuttle for this purpose.

For security, it is preferred that the drawing means is biased away fromthe unlocking position. For example, when the drawing means includes arod, the rod may need to be pulled against a spring. To further protectagainst accidental or inadvertent release, the drawing means may includemeans for engagement with retaining means. The purpose of this is toensure that the drawing means must deliberately be disengaged from theretaining means before the manual override can be operated. Both ofthese safety mechanisms can help to ensure that accidental manualrelease does not occur though vibration, for example.

The drawing means may take any other suitable form, including that of aBowden cable.

There may be several fasteners which need to be released through manualoverride. Consequently, the manual override of this third aspect of theinvention can be adapted to manually release more than one fastener atthe same time. Preferably, this is achieved by linking the manualactuator for the first fastening system with a manual actuator for thesecond fastening system and, optionally, with third and subsequentfasteners. The linkage preferably takes place using a connecting rod.

In a fourth aspect, this invention provides a first fastening systemconnected to a second fastening system by a linkage, the first andsecond fastening systems being adapted to release by the involvement ofmeans adapted to contract when actuated, the linkage adapted to causethe first and second fastening systems to move to an unlocking positionby any one of the following:

-   -   (a) activation of the means adapted to contract when activated        in the first fastening system;    -   (b) activation of the means adapted to contract when activated        in the second fastening system;    -   (c) activation of the means adapted to contract when activated        in both the first and second fastening system; and    -   (d) manipulation of a manual override.

It is to be appreciated that more than two fastening systems may bereleased according to this fourth aspect of the invention. Preferably, asingle fastening system in the two or more linked fastening systems issufficiently strong to enable the linkage to release all the linkedfastening systems in the case of failure of any of the linked fasteningsystems. If there is no power to operate any of the linked fasteningsystems in the normal manner, then all can be released by using themanual override.

The fastening systems may be chosen from any of the fasteners orfastening systems disclosed herein, or from any other suitable fasteneror fastening systems.

In a further aspect, this invention provides a fastener assemblyincluding:

-   -   an engagement means including latch means and locking means, the        engagement means being movable between a locking position and an        unlocking position;    -   biasing means urging the engagement means towards the locking        position; and means for drawing the engagement means from the        locking position to the unlocking position, the drawing means        comprising or including material adapted to contract when        activated.

The fastener assembly of the invention is preferably capable ofconstruction on a small scale so that, possibly with the exception ofthe engagement means, it has a cross sectional dimension of about 10 mm.The purpose of this is so that the fastener assembly of the inventioncan be inserted into a panel, such as a panel for an aircraft which hasa thickness of around 15 to 20 mm. It is of course possible to providethe fastener assembly of the invention on a larger scale for otherpurposes,

The latch means and locking means of the engagement means may take anydesirable configuration. An example is illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. By way of non-limiting illustration, the latch means mayinclude a pair of arms or jaws which can engage a latch, bar orprojection. Other configurations will be apparent to one skilled in theart.

It will be appreciated that there is overlap between this aspect and thesecond aspect of the invention, above. Many of the features are common.

However, in this further aspect, the engagement means may include a rodor tongue which bears against a closure, preventing movement of theclosure towards the engagement means when the engagement means is in alocking position, or a cavity into which the rod or tongue may bereceived in the locking position. Other configurations will be apparentto one skilled in the art.

The application of the fastener assembly of the invention is to providea fuel filler catch in a vehicle. The fastener assembly of the inventionmay be contained within or close to the fuel filler cavity andeffectively concealed from the outside of the vehicle, In thisembodiment, the engagement means preferably comprises a rod or tonguewhich, while the engagement means is in the locking position, preventsremoval of the fuel filler cap. Alternately, the engagement means mayretain the fuel filler cap through engagement with a latch or similarelement on the fuel filler cap.

When the material adapted to contract when activated, such as Nitinolwire, is heated electrically to the desired temperature, the drawingmeans draws the engagement means out of engagement with the fuel fillercap, allowing removal of the fuel filler cap. Because the engagementmeans is biased towards the locking position, once the material adaptedto contract when activated is no longer activated—for example, when itis allowed to cool, the fuel filler cap may be pushed back intoengagement with the engagement means.

The fastener assembly of the invention may have inbuilt redundancy, byincluding one or more additional materials which contract whenactivated, such as Nitinol wire. Any of the Nitinol wires would be ableto contract when activated; if one wire fails, another can perform thenecessary function in the drawing means.

In some embodiments of the fastener assembly of the invention, thedrawing means is attached to an electrical system. Use may be made ofthis so that the fastening system has a switching capacity as a secondfunction. For example, the fastening system of the invention may alsooperate to turn lights on or off This may occur in concert with thelocking/unlocking function of the fastening system or independently.

One use of the fastening assembly of the invention is to fasten aclosure such as a door in an aircraft, typically for a dogbox orcupboard. The fastening system of the invention may be configured sothat, when the engagement means is drawn to the unlocking position,allowing the door to open, the fastening system also causes a light inthe dogbox or cupboard to be turned on. Similarly, when the engagementmeans moves to the locking position, the fastening system may cause thelight to be turned off.

In another embodiment, the fastening system includes or is associatedwith a sensing means, which senses light or temperature (internally orexternally of the location of the fastening system), or stress appliedto the fastener or its environment. In the case of light sensing, thefastening system may he programmed to turn lights (eg, in the cupboardor dogbox) on or off, depending on the amount of external light sensed.In the case of stress sensing, the sensor may detect stress applied tothe fastening system, and report on impending failure of the fasteningsystem, for example. Other embodiments will be apparent to one skilledin the art.

The fastening system of the invention may he networked with otherfastening systems, for any desirable purpose, but especially so thatfailure or overstressing of one fastening system may be compensated forby another fastening system in the network.

The next aspect of this invention deals with protection of the materialadapted to contract when activated from damage and applies not only tothe fastening system of the present invention but to other applicationsin which a material adapted to contract when activated is required topull on an element.

Material such as Nitinol is rated according to its composition. Forexample, a 330 g Nitinol wire may have a pull force of 3.3 Newtons. Ifthis wire is configured so as to pull on an element and the element isblocked from movement to a sufficient extent, the Nitinol wire may becapable of exerting a further pull force of, say, 9 Newtons. By thisstage, however, the Nitinol wire may be in danger of being damaged. Theinvention in the next aspect has as an object the prevention oramelioration of such damage.

Accordingly, in a further aspect, this invention provides a strainreduction assembly including:

-   -   a material adapted to contract when activated, the material        having:        -   a first pull force at which the material is adapted to move            an element to which the material is directly or indirectly            connected;        -   a second pull force greater than the first pull force; and        -   a third pull force intermediate the first pull force and the            second putt force; and    -   means adapted to be activated when the pull force on the        material has reached substantially the third pull force.

The means adapted to be activated when the pull force is substantiallythe third pull force may be a compression spring attached to thematerial.

The material adapted to contract when activated is preferably theNitinol wire referred to above. The first, second and third pull forceswill depend on the rating of the Nitinol wire. By way of example, if therating is around 3.3 Newtons, this will represent the first pull force.The second putt force in this example will be around 9 Newtons while thethird pull force will be around 4.5 Newtons. Ideally, the third pullforce is approximately one and a half times greater than the first pullforce and calculated to be less than the second pull force, which may becalculated as that capable of causing damage to the material.

The element to be moved by the material adapted to contract such as theNitinol wire may be any appropriate element. In the context of thepresent invention in the second aspect, the element is the engagementmeans. As stated above, this latest aspect of the invention is notlimited to the first or second aspects of the invention and consequentlythe invention in its latest aspect has wide application.

The compression spring is preferably of any suitable construction.

The means adapted to be activated at the third pull force may take otherforms. By way of non limiting example, the means may include monitoringresistance in the Nitinol wire and cutting of electrical power once theresistance has changed by, say, twenty percent.

In the case of either embodiment, the Nitinol wire can be protected fromdamage.

In a further aspect, this invention provides a fastening systemincluding;

-   -   first engagement means;    -   second. engagement means; and

a locking element moveable between a locked position in which the firstengagement means is maintained in engagement with the second engagementmeans and an unlocked position in which the first engagement means isfree to disengage from the second engagement means;

wherein the locking element is adapted to be moved to the unlockedposition by means adapted to contract when activated, being differentfrom the locking element.

The first engagement means preferably includes projections mounted on apair of arms, the projections being designed to he received within acomplementary cavity comprising the second engagement means. In thisembodiment, the locking element is preferably located between the armsof the first engagement means. In the locked position, the lockingelement holds the projections of the first engagement means in thecavity of the second engagement means. The locking element is preferablydesigned to be pulled away from its position between the projections toenable the projections to move inwardly towards one another and bewithdrawn from the cavity of the second engagement means. Is somerespects, this can be regarded as similar to the construction of thelocking element exemplified in International Patent Application No.PCT/AU99/00185.

It is further preferred that the locking element is in the form of astrip and that likewise the first engagement means and the secondengagement means are provided in strip form. Examples of these were alsogiven in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185.

The means adapted to contract when activated preferably comprise orinclude shape memory alloy wire, such as that discussed above. Othermaterials may also be suitable.

The fastening system is preferably designed so as to be maintained inthe locked state in the absence of any power. For release, when themeans adapted to contract when activated are shape memory alloy wire,switching on the power enables the SMA wire to heat and contract,pulling the locking element out of the locked position. If the SMA alloywire is permitted to cool, the fastening system can be biased so that itwill return to the locked position.

Preferably, the fastening system in this embodiment includes a printedcircuit board or other means for controlling the amount of power to theSMA wire. The same means can enable reporting in relation to thefastening system, such as status, the number of times the fasteningsystem has been released and if there has been any damage.

A further aspect of this invention is concerned with an improved,framing system.

The invention has wide application, as will be apparent from thedescription below.

For convenience, the word “frame” and its derivatives are used below. Itis to be understood that, unless the context otherwise requires, theterm “frame” and its derivatives are to be interpreted in the sense of“platform” or “base” and not restricted to an open structure.

In a first broad aspect, the invention provides an improved framingsystem wherein the frame includes one or more attachment nodes and theframing system is adapted to enable delivery of one or more of energy,data and material.

The frame itself may he provided in components. Parts or accessories(e.g., a fairing) may be added to the frame and, being provided with oneor more attachment nodes, may form an extension of the frame.

The frame can be chosen from a wide range of materials andconfigurations, suitable for use in many industries. By way ofnon-limiting example, the frame may take the form of a skeleton, carcaseor chassis for a motor vehicle, a skeleton for furniture, a support foruse in the building industry or a plumbing system, Many otherapplications may be apparent to one skilled in the art afterconsideration of some of the detailed description below.

The frame or some of it may act as a conduit for energy, data and/ormaterial in any suitable way. Some non-limiting examples follow.

The frame may be used to deliver energy in the form of electrical energyby use of conventional wiring or buses. The frame may enable delivery ofother types of energy, such as pneumatic or hydraulic energy, bysuitable means.

In relation to the delivery of data, this may involve various datatransfer means, for example, transfer of data in a networkingenvironment in known manner. A single medium, such as a cable, forexample, on or within the frame, may be adapted to deliver both energyand data.

The material for which the frame may provide a conduit may be anysuitable material, including gas, liquid and mixtures of these.

Preferably, the improved framing system of the invention includes aplurality of attachment nodes. It is further preferred that each of theattachment nodes enables attachment and/or detachment of modules oraccessories to the frame. Any suitable fastener may be used inconjunction with such an attachment node. Some suitable fasteners aredescribed below, but the invention is not limited to these.

The improved framing system for the invention preferably deliversenergy, data and/or material to an attachment node to assist inattachment and/or detachment of modules or accessories. An example willnow be given in connection with a motor cycle. Once again, this is notlimiting on the scope of the invention,

In this embodiment, the frame resembles a conventional motor cycle framewhich may have energy and data conveyed by cables within some or all ofthe frame. The frame has a number of attachment nodes connected to theenergy/data cable system. The frame acts as an attachment point for alldesired components, such as the motor, instruments, windshield, seats,fuel tank, storage systems, vehicle lights, instrument lights, fairingsand cowlings. The attachment nodes for these components may includefasteners which are concealed when the components are in place and whichare actuated in one of several ways. As one method of actuation, signalsmay be transmitted via cabling from a central control on the motor cycleor external to it, perhaps using a computer or custom built device. Asanother example, signals may be transmitted remotely by any suitablemeans, including infra-red or radio wave communication, perhaps througha button on a key chain fob, or from a conventional ignition switch.

This embodiment may enable a motor cycle to be assembled in a completelydifferent way than at present. Fasteners may be concealed. Assembly ofthe motor cycle may not require conventional tools or robots. This cangreatly simplify design and enhance aesthetics.

During assembly, fasteners at the attachment nodes may be programmed toallow parts or components to be attached automatically as a productionline is moving. This can redefine assembly sequencing processes duringmanufacture. Instead of traditional physical or mechanical contact,fasteners can lock, unlock and connect mechanically, in response tocommands transmitted electronically, remotely or by hard wiring or anyother suitable means. It is envisaged that many or even all componentsmay be assembled to the frame of a motor cycle in this way, including,for example, suspension or shock absorbers. There are many otheradvantages, such as the ready ability to change options duringmanufacture by interchanging one component for another without having todisrupt the production line.

The motor cycle of this embodiment can enhance servicing. For example,fasteners and attachment nodes may include microchips which have secureaddresses that respond to only to encrypted signals. This makes thefasteners accessible only to designated dealers and technicians. Inaddition, fasteners may be programmed to detect, analyse and reportproblems that require service. Service procedures may be stored infastener control software. This can assure installation of authorisedreplacement parts while providing precise service histories anddocumentation for warranty claims. For example, microprocessors maycapture information about fastener status (locked, unlocked, damaged,stressed, present or not) and maintenance history, including dates,times, places and identity of the technician performing each process.

Insofar as the “after market” is concerned, the motor cycle of thisembodiment can be quickly and simply customised to any situation oraesthetic taste. Parts and accessories can be interchanged to suit theneed or occasion. Using a single, standard frame, a motor cycle may berestyled with selected fairings, fuel tanks, gauges, lights and manyother components.

It is possible to retrofit such a motor cycle with optional accessories,such as saddlebags, windshields, GPS systems and entertainment systems.

Security in such a motor cycle is enhanced. Thieves may have no accessto hidden fasteners without destroying the component they intend tosteal.

From the point of view of the authorised user of the motor cycle, therecan be provided single point locking for removable components, such asfuel tank, steering, panniers, fairings and helmet, overcoming the needfor a multiple array of keys, one for locking each component.

The same motor cycle frame can be used for a sports model or a touringbike, or any other customisation. For example, a single seat and bodyfairings may be removed and replaced with a touring tank, twin seats andtouring panniers. By way of another example, a street-legal motor cyclecan be transformed to an off-road dirt bike by releasing lights,indicators, plates and other accessories.

The fasteners suitable for use with the improved framing system of theinvention are preferably a. type of “intelligent fastener” which has a.fastening mechanism, an actuator and a micro processor. Many types offasteners may be suitable. Sonic specific fasteners are disclosed belowand form different aspects of this invention. The type of fastener to beused with the improved framing system of the invention is not limited tothe fasteners disclosed below. Other fasteners may well be useful,including those disclosed above and in the following patentspecifications, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference: International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185,international Patent Application No. PCT/AU03/00759 and AustralianPatent Application No. 2002953616.

Generally, the fastener suitable for use in the system of the inventionwill perform to the same specifications as mechanical fasteners, havingtransfer forces which meet traditional requirements for tension, shearand clamp. Preferably, the fasteners will also have the capability toreport their own status, report on what parts are in place and report onwhether the fasteners are attached or unattached, attached properly oroverstressed,

In a further aspect, this invention provides a fastener which includes:

-   -   (a) a fastening element;    -   (b) actuating means attached to the fastening element and        including a material adapted to contract when activated; and    -   (c) restoring means adapted to restore the material to a relaxed        state when no longer contracted;

wherein the restoring means contains or comprises elastomeric materialadapted to be deformed by contraction of the material adapted tocontract when activated.

The sixth aspect of the invention may be used in conjunction, with, forexample, the fastener in the second aspect of this invention, or thefastener disclosed in International Patent Application No.PCT/AU03/00759, or in conjunction with other fasteners, disclosed, inthis specification or otherwise.

The fastening element may be any suitable fastening element.

The material adapted to contract when activated is preferably shapememory ahoy wire, as has been disclosed or discussed before.

The restoring means is preferably an elastomeric material which isadapted to be deformed by contraction of the material such as the shapememory alloy wire and which is also adapted to return to its originalshape after the material (such as the SMA wire) relaxes, Preferably, therestoring means contains, surrounds or encases the SMA wire. Suitablematerial for the restoring means will be apparent to one skilled in theart. One suitable material may be polybutyl sulphide. For example theSMA wire may be contained within a hollow body of the restoring means,As another example, the SMA wire may be embedded within a solid body ofthe restoring means. As yet a further example, the SMA wire may beattached to a strip of the restoring means.

The restoring means may impart a linear force on the SMA wire (or othermaterial) in order to restore it to the original configuration whenrelaxed. However, the invention is not limited to this. The forces maybe in any suitable direction or combination of directions. Some of theseare illustrated in the drawings, below. The aim of the restoring meansis to restore the shape memory alloy wire or other suitable material tothe position it had before contraction.

By using an elastomeric material, it is possible to dispense with returnsprings. The restoring means can also act as a heat sink for SMA wire.The restoring means can also enhance the ruggedness of the fastener,protecting the shape memory alloy wire from damage during handling,transport, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described in connection with certainnon-limiting examples thereof in the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the fastener of the first aspect of theinvention in the engaged position;

FIG. 2 is the fastener of FIG. 1 in the disengaged position; FIG. 3 isthe fastener of FIGS. 1 and 2 in rear elevation;

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the fastener of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 in apractical application;

FIG. 5 is a side elevation of a first embodiment of the fastening systemof the second aspect of the invention;

FIG. 6 is the fastening system of FIG. 5 in plan view, in the engagedstate;

FIG. 7 is the fastening system of FIGS. 5 and 6 in the disengaged state;

FIG. 8A is an exploded view of a second embodiment of the second aspectof the invention;

FIG. 8B is an exploded view of a variation of the second embodimentshown in FIG. 8A;

FIG. 8C shows a sub-assembly of FIG. 8B;

FIG. 8D shows part of the assembly of FIG. 8B in the engaged position;

FIG. 8E is a sectional view taken along the lines A-A of FIG. 8D;

FIG. 8F is a similar view to FIG. 8D but showing the disengagedposition;

FIG. 8G is a sectional view taken along the lines A--A of FIG. 8F;

FIG. 9 is omitted;

FIG. 10 is a top plan view of a third embodiment of the fastening systemof the second aspect of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a side sectional view of the fastening assembly of FIG. 10,in the locked state;

FIG. 12 is a top plan view of the fastening system of FIGS. 10 and 11,but in the unlocked state;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of the ring clip fastener of FIG. 12in the unlocked state and is useful for comparison with FIG. 11;

FIG. 14 is a further embodiment of the fastening system of the secondaspect of the invention, being a stud fastener, before entry of the pininto the aperture;

FIG. 15 shows the fastening system of FIG. 14 in the locked position;

FIG. 16 shows the fastening system of FIGS. 14 and 15 in the unlockedposition;

FIG. 17 is an exploded view of a further embodiment of the second aspectof the invention, showing a second embodiment of stud fastener;

FIG. 18 is a top view of a variation of the embodiment in FIG. 17

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 18, takenalong the lines A-A of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a top view of a third embodiment of stud fastener;

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 20 takenalong the lines A-A of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 is a top plan view of a further embodiment of the fasteningsystem of the invention being a type of stud fastener;

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the fastener of FIG. 22 in thelocked state;

FIG. 24 is the same cross-sectional view as that of FIG. 23, but showingengagement of a pin;

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of the fastening system of FIG. 22 itthe unlocked state and is useful for comparison with FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the fasteningsystem of the invention being a stud fastener;

FIG. 27 is a bottom end view of the embodiment of FIG. 26 with the rearcap removed;

FIG. 28 shows the embodiment of FIG. 26 with the pin removed, in thelocked state;

FIG. 29 shows the embodiment of FIG. 26 with the pin removed, in theunlocked state;

FIG. 30 is a bottom end view of the embodiment of FIG. 26, in the lockedposition;

FIG. 31 is a sectional view of the fastening assembly of FIG. 30, takenalong the lines 17-17 in FIG. 30;

FIG. 32 is a bottom end view of the embodiment of FIG. 26, in theunlocked position;

FIG. 33 is a sectional view of the fastener of FIG. 30, taken along thelines 19-19 in FIG. 32, in the unlocked position;

FIG. 34 is a plan view of a manual override for the fastening system ofthe second aspect of the invention;

FIG. 35 is sectional side view of the override of FIG. 34, taken alongthe lines 20-20;

FIG. 36 shows the manual override of FIG. 34 in the unlocked position;

FIG. 37 is a side sectional view taken along the lines 23-23 of FIG. 36;

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of linked fastening systems according tothe invention;

FIG. 39 is an enlargement of one of the fastening systems of FIG. 38;

FIG. 40 is yet a further enlargement of the fastening system of FIG. 39with cover removed;

FIG. 41 is a side sectional view of a further embodiment of thefastening system of the invention, being a type of in-line fastener,showing the fastening system in the locked position and alsoillustrating an embodiment of a strain reduction assembly;

FIG. 42 is a top sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 41;

FIG. 43 is an enlarged view of the left hand end of the embodiment inFIG. 41;

FIG. 44 shows the embodiment of FIG. 43 as soon as the unlockingposition has been attained;

FIG. 45 shows the embodiment of FIG. 44 during cooling of the drawingmeans;

FIG. 46 shows the embodiment, of FIG. 45, fully reset in the openposition, ready to move to the locking position and if required tounlock again immediately;

FIG. 47 shows an example of how the fastening systems of the inventionmay be integrated into a typical vehicle CAN network, in relation to avehicle door;

FIG. 48 is a diagrammatic illustration of at least part of the system inFIG. 47;

FIG. 49 shows how the network concept exemplified in FIGS. 47 and 48 maybe extended throughout many vehicle components;

FIG. 50 is similar to FIG. 48 but gives an example of the extension ofthe function of fastener system of the invention;

FIG. 51 exemplifies architecture of a fastening system of the inventionin a motor vehicle;

FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of fasteningsystem according to the third aspect of the invention, in the unlockingposition;

FIG. 53 is an end. view of the latch Which is included in FIG. 52;

FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 52 in thelocking position;

FIG. 55 is an end view of the embodiment in FIG. 54, taken along thelines 4-4 in FIG. 54;

FIG. 56 is a side sectional view of a second embodiment of the fasteningsystem according to the third aspect of the invention;

FIG. 57 is a side sectional view of a third embodiment of the fasteningsystem according to the third aspect of the invention, showing a manualoverride;

FIG. 58 shows in cross-sectional view an embodiment of a fasteningsystem of the fourth aspect of the invention, in the locked position;

FIG. 59 is a side elevation, in cross-section, of the embodiment of FIG.58, still in the locked state;

FIG. 60 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to that in FIG. 58 butshowing the fastening system in the unlocked state;

FIG. 61 corresponds to FIG. 59, but shows the fastening system in theunlocked state;

FIG. 62 shows in sectional illustration a second embodiment of thefourth aspect of the invention;

FIG. 63 is a sketch of a motor cycle incorporating the fifth aspect ofthe invention and showing diagrammatically the location of some of theattachment nodes;

FIG. 64 shows the rear part of the motor cycle of FIG. 63, in connectionwith the attachment of a pannier;

FIG. 65 is a similar view to that in FIG. 64, with the pannier in place;

FIG. 66 is a similar view to that in FIGS. 64 and 65, illustratingattachment of alternate forms of a seat;

FIG. 67 shows a front portion of the motor cycle of FIG. 63,illustrating detachment or attachment of a windshield,

FIG. 68 shows the front part of the motor cycle of FIG. 63, showingnodes for attachment of a GPS system and a fuel cap;

FIGS. 69 and 70 illustrate a first embodiment of the sixth aspect of theinvention;

FIGS. 71 and 72 illustrate a second embodiment of the sixth aspect;

FIGS. 73 and 74 illustrate a third embodiment of the sixth aspect; and

FIGS. 75-77 illustrate a fourth embodiment of the sixth aspect.

BEST MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION IN ITS VARIOUS ASPECTS

Turning first to the fastener being an embodiment of the first aspect ofthe invention and illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, fastener 30 includesfastening element 32 having a beam 34, an engagement means 36 and a flexpoint 38. As can be seen, flex point 38 is separate from beam 34.

As shown in the rear elevation in FIG. 4, shape memory alloy wire 40forms a loop in a groove 44 in the back of beam 34 and is attached ateach end to electronic module 42. Wire 40 is shown partly in dottedoutline in FIGS. 1 and 2.

When wire 40 is heated by a current generated through electronic module42 and wire 40 reaches a pre-determined temperature, it shrinks as shownin FIG. 2. Fastening element 32 bends or flexes at flex point 38 andengagement means 36 is drawn out of engagement with an engaging surface(not shown). As shown in FIG. 2, leaf spring 46 is compressed. If wire40 is allowed to cool, it relaxes and leaf spring 46 decompresses,urging engagement means 36 back into engagement with the engagingsurface (not shown).

This embodiment can provide an enhanced positive engagement throughengagement means 36 and greater strength to fastener 30, since beam 34is not required to bend.

FIG. 4 shows a practical application for fastener 30 illustrated inFIGS. 1-3, In FIG. 4, fastener 30 is shown in situ fastening cap 31 tobase 33. As can be seen in FIG. 4, engagement means 36 of fastener 30engages ledge 35 of cap 31. Three batteries 37 provide a power sourcefor electronic module 42, being activated by switch 39.

When switch 39 is pressed, batteries 37 provide power to electronicmodule 42, which heats shape memory alloy wire 40 sufficiently to causeshape memory alloy wire 40 to contract, Engagement means 36 is drawn outof contact with ledge 35. Cavity 41 is provided in cap 31 to allow forthis movement of beam 34. When switch 39 is pressed, LED 43 lights up toshow that switch 39 has been activated.

Dowels 45 are provided in channels in cap 31 and base 33. These assistin location when cap 31 is being placed on base 33. During release,dowels 45 in conjunction with leaf spring 47 urge cap 31 to separatefrom base 33.

Charging contacts 49 can be used to recharge batteries 37 if of therechargeable type.

Reference is now made to the embodiment of the invention in the secondaspect in FIGS. 5 to 7. In this embodiment, fastening system 50 includespin 48 adapted to be received in aperture 52. Locking means 54 in theform of a circlip 54 are adapted to lock into groove 56 in pin 48.

Aperture 52 is formed in plastic fastener body 58 which includes ridge60. Travelling around ridge 60 is shape memory alloy wire 40. Insulatedplastic caps 62 connect crimped ends (not shown) of wire 40 to circlip54 and power leads 64.

FIG. 6 shows fastening system 50 in the locked state. In this state, pin48 may be pushed into aperture 52. Taper 66 on pin 48 serves to pushcirclip 54 apart, until it rides into groove 56, where it remainslocked. Thus, there is no need to activate wire 40 in order to insertpin 48 in aperture 52.

FIG. 7 shows fastening system 50 in the unlocked position. In thisFigure, wire 40 has been heated through power fed from leads 64 to wire40, to the extent that wire 40 contracts. Through its connection at caps62 with circlip 54, wire 40 in the contracted state, and restrained byridge 60, draws circlip 54 apart, freeing circlip 54 from groove 56 andpermitting the unfastening of pin 48.

Referring now to FIG. 8A, releasable fastening system 150 includes a pin152 adapted to be received in an aperture 154 of main body 156. Clipspring 158, together with clip chassis 160 and shape memory alloy wire162, comprise the locking means for pin 152.

Pin 152 has a wide groove 163 around its circumference. Groove 163 isadapted to receive clip chassis 160 which can embrace groove 163. Clipchassis 160 carries clip 158 and acts as a type of circlip.

Shape memory wire 162 is engaged with clip chassis 160. When shapememory alloy wire 162 is activated, it shrinks and pulls apart clipchassis 160.

To lock pin 152 into main body 156, pin 152 may be pushed by hand, bypressure on cap 164, into aperture 154. Clip chassis 160 and clip spring158 open sufficiently to allow pin 152 to be received, so that clipchassis 160 engages groove 163 on pin 152.

To unlock pin 152 from main body 156, as already described, wire 162 isheated sufficiently for it to contract. Because of the manner ofattachment of wire 162 to clip chassis 160 through engagement inchannels 166 and 170, contraction of wire 162 pulls apart clip chassis160 sufficiently for pin 152 to be withdrawn from clip chassis 160. Clipchassis 160 is hinged at 168.

Fastening system 150 includes controller panel 172 which receivesinstructions for unlocking and which generates the heat necessary forcontraction of wire 162. Rear cover 174 completes the housing offastening system 150.

Clip spring 158 biases clip chassis 160 towards the locked position andin this embodiment assists wire 162 to return to the locked positionwhen it relaxes.

In a variation of fastening system 150, clip chassis 160 may beeliminated. In this case, clip spring 158 is adapted to be engaged byshape memory alloy wire 162 and to be pulled apart by contraction of thewire when it is desired to unlock the fastening system.

Reference is now made to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8B to 8G. Whereparts are similar to those in FIGS. 8A and 9, the same numbers will beused, with the addition of the letter “a”.

As shown in FIG. 8B, releasable fastening system 150 a includes a pin152 a adapted to be received in an aperture 154 a of main body 156 a.Spring 158 a, together with clip chassis 160 a and shape memory alloywires 162 a comprise the locking means for pin 152 a.

Pin 152 a has a wide grove 163 a around its circumference. Grove 163 ais adapted to receive clip chassis 160 a which can embrace grove 163 a.Spring 158 a snaps into grove 116 of clip chassis 160 a and biases ittowards the engagement position.

Shape memory wire 162 a has two separate loops, 118 and 120. These areengaged with clip chassis 160 a in the manner shown in FIG. 8C. It willbe appreciated in comparing FIG. 8C, that shape memory alloy wires 118and 120 will be under less strain than wire 162, when activated tocontract.

To lock pin 152 a into main body 156 a, pin 152 a may be pushed by hand,by pressure on cap 164 a, into aperture 154 a. Clip chassis 160 a,although bias to the closed position by spring 158 a, will opensufficiently to allow pin 152 a to be received, so that clip chassis 160a engages grove 163 a on pin 152 a.

To unlock pin 152 a from main body 156 a, as already described, bothwires 118 and 120 of wires 162 a are heated sufficiently for them tocontract. Each of wires 118 and 120 is attached to clip chassis 160 a asshown in FIG. 8C. Consequently, contraction of wires 118 and 120 pullsapart clip chassis 160 a sufficiently for pin 152 a to be withdrawn fromclip chassis 160 a. Clip chassis 160 a is hinged at 168 a.

Means for a manual override of fastening system 150 a are shown in FIGS.8B and 8E. cap 164 a includes slot 122. A suitable tool may be insertedin slot 122 in cap 164 a and through corresponding slot 123 in main body156 a. The tool can then penetrate between the arms of clip chassis 160a to force them apart sufficiently to release pin 152 a.

In this embodiment, the manual override can be operated not only fromthe cap side of fastening system 150 a, but also from rear cover 174 a.As shown in FIG. 8E, slot 124, corresponding to slot 122 on cap 164 a inplate 126 is accessible from rear cover 174 and the same tool may beused to manually release pin 152 a, in a similar way to that describedfor slot 122.

In FIGS. 10 to 13, ring clip fastener 94 is particularly suitable forsecuring components to a panel, such as an instrumentation panel.Fastener 94 is shown in the locked state in FIGS. 10 and 11 as engagingfastener peg 98 and in FIGS. 12 and 13 after release of fastener peg 98.

Fastener peg 98 includes groove 104. When peg 98 is pushed into fastener94, arms 106 of bias spring 108 are pushed apart by ramp 110 on peg 98.Arms 106 snap fit into groove 104 to lock peg 98 in fastener 94. Thus aninstrumentation panel can be mounted in a panel housing by simple manualpressure, for example.

Included in fastener 94 is engagement sensor 112 which senses contactwith base 114 of peg 98. Engagement sensor 112 confirms engagement ofpeg 98 in fastener 94 and can communicate that information to a computer(not shown).

As can be seen from FIG. 10, fastener 94 includes a shape memory alloy(SMA) wire 416 which is connected to terminals 418 which bear on arms106 of bias spring 108.

When appropriate energy is applied to SMA wire 416 for example,electrical energy—and SMA wire 416 is heated to the necessarytemperature, SMA wire 416 contracts as shown in FIG. 12. Contraction ofSMA wire 416 causes terminals 418 to move apart. Because terminals 418bear on arms 106, those arms 106 are forced apart. Arms 106 move out ofgroove 104, permitting release of peg 98. Engagement sensor 112 canreport on the release of peg 98.

Included in fastener 94 are sensors 420 which sense the locked status offastener 94. When fastener 94 is in the unlocked state as shown in FIG.14, it will be seen that arms 106 contact sensors 120 and thus cancomplete a circuit or act as a reed switch so that sensors 120 canreport on the locked or unlocked status of fastener 94.

Referring now to FIGS. 14 to 16, these show an embodiment of a studfastening system in the second aspect of the invention. In thisembodiment, releaseable fastening system 70 includes pin 68 adapted tobe received in aperture 72. Pin 68 has a locking cavity in the form ofindentation 74 around the circumference of pin 68. Associated withaperture 72 in fastener body 76 are locking means in the form of arms 78having protrusions 80 designed to fit within indentation 74 in pin 68.

Once pin 68 is pushed into aperture 72, protrusions 80 on anus 78 snapinto indentation 74. Stop 82 prevents disengagement by blocking outwardmovement of protrusions 80 on arms 78. Activation of shape memory alloywire 40 contracts wire 40 and draws stop 82 from its blocking positionagainst arms 78. Arms 78 may be biased to spring outwardly as shown inFIG. 16, facilitating withdrawal of pin 68 from aperture 72. Spring 84is biased to urge stop 82 to the locked position shown in FIGS. 14 and15.

In the illustrations in FIGS. 14 to 16, both pin 68 and fastener body 76include conductor pins 86. These are optional. They may be used toprovide power and data connections for the fastening system 70.

Another optional feature is shown in FIGS. 14 to 16, in the form ofretractable cap 88. This is used to provide a flat visual appearance onouter surface 90 of frame 10. In the embodiment shown, it is necessaryto activate wire 40 in order to draw stop 82 from its blocking positionagainst arms 78. Once that has occurred, pin 68 can push cap 88 againstthe bias provided by spring 92, from the position shown in FIG. 14 tothat in FIG. 15, In this position, shape memory alloy wire has relaxedto lock pin 68 into position. FIG. 16 shows the unlocked position beforewithdrawal of pin 68 from aperture 72.

Referring now to FIGS. 17, 18 and 19, the stud fastening system 180 inthis embodiment is particularly suitable for heavy duty use. In thisembodiment, pin 182 having groove 184 and cap 186 is adapted to bereceived in aperture 188 of main body 190. Received in main body 190 isshuttle 192, Shuttle 192 is adapted to rotate within main body 190 whena shape memory alloy wire (not shown) wound in grooves 194 contracts.Activation of the shape memory alloy wire causes shuttle 192 to rotatein a direction which allows unlocking of fastening system 180.

Shuttle 192 includes projections 196 which are designed to engage feet198 of teeth 200. Projections 196 may be inclined as shown in FIG. 17 ormay be set an angle of approximately 45 degrees as shown in FIG. 19.

Washer 202 rests at the base of feet 198 when fastening system 180 isassembled. Small coil springs (not shown) are mounted in apertures 204and bear against washer 202 to apply pressure against teeth 200.Apertures 204 are formed in centre plug 206. Aperture 208 is designed toreceive a further bias spring (not shown), which assists in returningthat the shape memory alloy wire (not shown) to its relaxedconfiguration, when no longer activated.

Electronics module 210 is shown in this embodiment as being hard wiredthrough cable 212 and controls unlocking of fastening system 180. Endcap 214 completes the

In the variation shown in FIGS. 20 and. 21, main body 190 is shown witha screw thread 216 on which is received a nut 218. The purpose of nut218 is to allow an element, such as a panel (not shown), to be receivedin gap 220.

End cap 214 has a central aperture (not shown) through which it ispossible to insert an appropriate tool to rotate shuttle 192 manually inthe event that there is some malfunction of the fastening system.

It will be noted from FIG. 21 that washer 202 has been omitted and thatteeth 200 are of a slightly different configuration to those in FIG. 19.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 22 to 25. These illustrate a studfastener which can he substituted for the ring clip fastener of FIGS. 10to 13. The stud fastener of FIGS. 22 to 25 can be regarded as morerobust and can carry a higher load compared to the ring fastener of theprevious FIGS. 10 to 13.

Peg 98 of FIG. 10 is substituted by peg 98 a shown in FIGS. 24 and 25.

Fastening system 230 of FIGS. 22 to 25 has a plurality of teeth 222adapted to engage groove 104 a in peg 98 a. Teeth 222 are biased towardsthe locked position by tension spring 424. Tension spring 424 alsoserves to keep teeth 222 in position. Peg 98 a can be pushed intoaperture 102. Ramp 110 a on peg 98 a will push against teeth 222 andagainst the tension of spring 424. As peg 98 a is pushed into aperture102, teeth 222 will spring hack into groove 104 a to lock peg 98 a intofastening system 230.

Fastening system 230 includes engagement sensor 112. When contacted bybase 114 a of peg 98 a, engagement sensor 112 can report connection ofpeg 98 a in fastening system 230 and hence connection of elements to befastened, such as an instrumentation panel in a panel housing.

Fastening system 230 includes shape memory alloy wires 426. These arewound around shuttle 428 which is rotatable within body 432 of fasteningsystem 230. Shape memory alloy wires 426 are fastened at each end to anon-rotatable part of fastening system 230 (not illustrated). When shapememory alloy wires 426 are caused to contract by the application ofsuitable energy to reach the necessary temperature, shuttle 428 rotatesto the position shown in FIG. 25. Shuttle 428 includes camming surface434. As can be seen by FIG. 25, camming surface 434 ramps down on tail436 of tooth 222, pushing tail 436 against the bias provided by tensionspring 424 and drawing each tooth 222 out of engagement with groove 104a. Thus peg 98 a is freed from fastening system 230. Tension spring 424may also bias shape memory alloy wires 426 to their relaxedconfiguration.

Included in fastening system 230 are lock status sensors 438 and 440.When these are separated as shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, the sensors reportthat fastening system 230 is in the locked state. When the sensors makecontact, as shown in FIG. 25, the sensors report that fastening system230 is in the unlocked state. Sensors 438 and 440 may act as a reedswitch, for example, or their contact may enable completion of anelectrical circuit, to signal the unlocked state, Other configurationsand means of sensing may of course be applicable.

Reference is now made to the embodiment of the second aspect of theinvention in FIGS. 26 to 33. Fastening system 260 includes stud 254having a locking cavity being circumferential groove 256 (refer FIGS. 31and 33). Fastening system 260 includes aperture 258 into which stud 254can be received by a push-fit.

Fastening system 260 includes eight teeth 262, each having a tongue 264which can engage groove 256.

Shuttle 266 is mounted for rotation within body 268 between twopositions. The first position is that shown in FIG. 28 where lockingprotrusions 270 maintains teeth 262 in the locking position intoaperture 258 (and groove 256 of stud 254 when stud 254 is in aperture258). The second position is that shown in FIG. 29, in which shuttle 266has rotated sufficiently so that teeth 262 are located in spaces 272between locking protrusions 270. In this configuration, teeth 262 are nolonger maintained in the locked position in aperture 258 (and groove 256in stud 258 when present).

Shuttle 266 is rotated from one position to the other through shapememory alloy wires 274 and 276, one being used to rotate shuttle 266 tothe locking position and the other to rotate it to the unlockingposition.

As shown in FIG. 26, fastening system 260 includes rear cap 278. Poweris supplied via electrical wires 280.

In FIG. 27, in which rear cap 278 has been removed, shape memory alloywire 274 can be seen. Also shown is shuttle position sensor 282. Thissenses whether shuttle 266 is in the locking or unlocking position andcan report to an external source (not shown).

FIG. 27 also shows wire temperature sensor 284. This senses thetemperature of shape memory alloy wire 274 and 276 and can enable thecalculation of the amount of power to be delivered to raise wire 274 or276 to the desired temperature at which it contracts. Temperature sensor84 can prevent overheating of wires 274 and 276 and can also minimisethe amount of electrical energy required to be delivered to wires 274and 276.

As best shown in FIGS. 31 and 33, fastening system 260 includes in thisembodiment sliding plug 286. In the locked position (FIG. 31), slidingplug 286 is in contact with stud detector switch 288, because stud 254has pushed sliding plug 286 down into contact with stud detector switch288. This enables fastening system 260 to report on whether stud 254 isengaged.

Also shown in FIGS. 31 and 33 are bias spring 290 and ejector spring292. Bias spring 290 biases fastening system 260 to the lockingposition. Ejector spring 292 facilitates ejection of stud 254 when teeth262 are no longer engaged in groove 256, as shown in FIG. 33.

Shape memory alloy wires 274 and 276 are attached via crimps 294 and 295as shown in FIGS. 31 and 33. Shuttle detector switch 297 detects whethershuttle 266 is in the locked or unlocked position.

FIG. 30 shows rear cap 278 with manual release 296. This can beoperated, for example by hand, to manually rotate shuttle 266 from thelocking to the unlocking position, as shown in FIG. 32.

Referring now to FIGS. 34 to 37, these show a fastening system 260 asimilar to fastening system 260 in conjunction with a manual override.Another suitable fastening system could be substituted for fasteningsystem 260 a. Manual override 400 has manual actuator 298 and drawingmeans being rod 402. Manual actuator 400 is joined to fastening system260 a and to rod 402 via protrusion 704 which engages manual actuator298 through slot 706.

Rod 402 is attached to knob 708 which has engagement ledge 710.Engagement ledge 710 is shown in FIG. 34 in engagement with catch 712.Spring 714 biases towards the locking position.

In order to operate manual override 400, knob 708 must be rotated byhand until ledge 710 is no longer in engagement with catch 712. Knob 708is then drawn upwardly (FIG. 34) against the bias of spring 714, torotate manual actuator 298 upwardly, through engagement of protrusion704 in slot 706. Thus shuttle 266 is rotated from the locking positionshown in FIG. 35 to the unlocking position shown in FIG. 37, manualactuator 29$ being in the position shown in FIG. 36. At this stage, stud254 is ejected as shown in FIG. 37 because of ejector spring 292.

Also shown in FIG. 37 is actuator linkage 716. This links rod 402 with asecond fastening system 260 b, travelling through conduit 718, as shownin FIG. 38, As shown by the detail in FIGS. 39 and 40, when knob 708 isrotated free of catch 712 and drawn upwardly against the bias of spring714, actuator linkage 716 ensures that both fastening system 260 a and260 b are manually released.

As can be seen in more detail in FIGS. 39 and 40, in this embodimentfastening system 260 a is situated under cover 720 and partly withinmechanism casing 722, mounted on bracket 724.

FIGS. 41 to 46 show an embodiment of an in-line fastener, according tothe second aspect of the invention.

As shown in FIGS. 41 to 46, fastening system 510 is contained withinfastener mounting box 512 attached to an external power source throughconduit 514. Fastening system 510, contained within box 512, is insertedinto a panel (not shown) and secured in position by screws 516 attachingface plate 518 to flange 520 of fastener case 522, contained within box512. Electrical connection via conduit 514 is continued into fastenercase 522 by means of cable connector 526. Spring clip 528 is insertedbeneath flange 520.

Fastening system 510 is intended to engage projection 524 (as shown inFIGS. 41 to 43), projection 524 protruding from a panel or door (notshown). In fastening system 510, the engaging means includes latch arms530, shuttle 532 and pawl 534, Spring 536 biases shuttle 532 towards thelocking position shown in FIG. 41. Spring 540 urges ejector plug 542towards the unlocked position. Shuttle 532 includes Teflon pad 544 tofacilitate sliding of shuttle 532 within fastener case 522.

Fastening system 510 also includes shape memory alloy wire 546 whichloops over pin 548 on pawl 534, Activation of wire 546 is controlledthough printed circuit board sub-assembly 550. Spring 538 is for urgingshape memory alloy wire 546 to the locked position shown in FIG. 41.

Sensor switches 552 contact extension 554 of shuttle 532 in order toprovide an indication of the locked or unlocked status of fasteningsystem 510. As shown in FIG. 43, only one sensor switch 552 is incontact with extension 554 and assembly 510 can therefore indicate thatthe system is in the locked position. When both sensor switches 552 makecontact with extension 554 as shown, for example, in FIG. 46, theindication is that assembly 510 is in the unlocked state.

As shown in FIGS. 41 and 42, assembly 510 also includes spring 560 torelieve strain on shape memory alloy wire 546 should it be unable todraw pawl 534 away from the locking position.

Referring now to FIG. 43, this shows fastening system 510 in the lockedposition. In this position, projection 556 on pawl 534 bears against pin558 and ramp 562 engages shoulder 564 of shuttle 532.

Ends 566 of shuttle 532 bear against ends 568 of latch arms 530,ensuring engagement of ends 568 with recess 570 in projection 524 (seeFIG. 44),

When sufficient electrical energy is applied through the electricalconnection via cable connector 526, wire 546 contracts, drawing pawl 534away from the locking position, as shown in FIG. 44. In this position,ramp 562 of pawl 534 has pushed against shoulder 564 until projection556 has encountered travel limit pin 572, which has pivoted ramp 562away from full contact with shoulder 564, as shown in FIG. 44. At thisstage, wire 546 is still contracted. The withdrawal of shuttle 532 hasmoved ends 566 of shuttle 532 out of contact with ends 568 of latch arms530. Latch arms 530 pivot around pivot points 574 and move out ofengagement with recess 570 of projection 524. Ejector spring 540 pushingagainst ejector plug 542 has caused partial ejection of projection 524from fastening system 510.

It will be appreciated that if travel limit pin 572 is removed, pawl 534will pivot so that there is no contact with shoulder 564 at all. Shuttle532 will then be free to move towards the locking position under theinfluence of spring 536. Projection 524 can then be engaged withfastening system 510. However, unlocking will not be possible until wire546 has cooled sufficiently.

In the next stage shown in FIG. 45, projection 524 has been ejectedcompletely from fastening system 510. Wire 546 has elongated to someextent while cooling and so pawl 534 has been able to move out ofcontact with pin 572.

In the configuration shown in FIG. 46, wire 546 has completed elongationthrough cooling, pawl 534 has moved sufficiently away from pin 572 sothat projection 556 has contacted pin 558, causing pawl 534 to pivot sothat ramp 562 is in position to engage shoulder 564.

If projection 524 is pushed into fastening system 510 at this point,ejector plug 542 will be compressed against spring 540, ends 568 oflatch arms 530 will snap into place into recess 570, ends 566 of shuttle532 will be able to move into position against ends 568 of latch arms530, spring 536 will move shuttle 532 to the left in FIG. 46 and ramp562 will engage shoulder 564 of shuttle 532, ready for unlocking if wire546 is activated.

Aperture 576 though projection 524 is available for use as a light pipefor example, for indication of locked or unlocked state, In addition, asuitable tool can be inserted though aperture 576, through an aperture(not shown) in ejector plug 542 and though gap 578 (see FIG. 43) betweenlatch arms 530. The tool can then exert pressure on shuttle 532 tomanually move shuttle 532 towards the unlocked position, whereupon thecontact between ends 566 and ends 568 will be removed, allowing ejectionof projection 524 out of fastening system 510.

Reference was made above to the fastening system of the inventionincluding sensors for temperature, for example. In FIG. 41 these areshown at 580. Sensing is not limited to temperature sensing. As will beapparent to one skilled in the art, the fastening system of theinvention can sense or control various other functions, such as lights,heaters, fans and so on. Thus the fastening system 510 of the inventionmay have multiple functions and may be involved in control of lighting,for example, control of lights within a compartment, the door of whichis fastened by fastening system 510.

FIG. 47 is an example of integration of the fastening systems of theinvention in a typical vehicle CAN network, specifically showing a cardoor. This illustration is largely self-explanatory. Some of thefasteners of the invention are referred to in FIG. 47 as part of the“Intelligent Fastener network”. These perform the primary functions ofthe fastener of the invention, namely to attach components within thevehicle.

Other fasteners referred to in FIG. 47 as “Fastener nodes” areperforming a secondary function, namely control of the relevantcomponent, such as the window motor, the rear vision mirror, etc.Connection to the CAN bus is also shown.

It is to be appreciated that the component layout and wiring harness inFIG. 47 is merely an example and not limiting on the scope of theinvention.

FIG. 48 is a diagrammatic illustration of part of the system in FIG. 47.Some of the fasteners of the invention, referred to as “TZ IntelligentFasteners” are carrying out the primary function discussed above andsome are carrying out the secondary function.

The primary and secondary functions referred to can be expanded tocontrol or fasten several other vehicle components, such as those shownin FIG. 49. This Figure is self-explanatory.

FIG. 50 shows how the fasteners of the invention may be arranged toreduce the number of sub-network wiring components through directconnection into the CAN bus. FIG. 50 should be compared with FIG. 48 inthis regard. In effect, each fastener of the invention may be able toact as its own multiplex module/communications gateway or node on theCAN bus. This network structure may also enable the fasteners of theinvention to extend their function into control of components switching.

With reference to FIG. 51, this illustrates an example of thearchitecture of a fastening system of the invention in a motor vehicle.At the bottom of the chain is a fastener of the invention, which fastensa component to the vehicle. This fastener (the “Intelligent Fastener”)is connected to the vehicle computer via the CAN bus. The vehiclecomputer transmits data and/or instructions between the IntelligentFastener and an “Intelligent Tool” such as a personal digital assistant(hand-held computer).

The master control resides at the top level of the hierarchy, providingIntelligent Fastener identity and security information to theIntelligent Tool and logging diagnostic and historical fastener functioninformation.

As before, the Intelligent Fastener may have a primary function ofattaching a component to the vehicle and a secondary function of controlof switching.

Reference is now made to FIGS. 52 to 55, which illustrate an embodimentof the invention in the third aspect. In FIGS. 52 to 55, fasteningsystem 610 has engagement means 612 movable between the locking positionshown in FIG. 54 and the unlocking position shown in FIG. 52,

Engagement means 612 includes a pair of jaws 614 pivotable at pivotpoint 616.

Block 618 includes cavity 620 defined by arms 622, base 624 and stop626.

When engagement means 612 is in the locking position as illustrated inFIG. 54, pivot point 616 lies as close to base 624 as possible and stop626 does not prevent the closing of jaws 614, as illustrated. Incontrast, when engagement means 612 is in the unlocking position shownin FIG. 52, pivot point 616 is spaced from base 624 and stop 626 forcesapart jaws 614, as illustrated.

Block 618 is urged towards engagement means 612, in the lockingposition, by coil spring 628 which is positioned between block 618 andtube 630.

Block 618 includes projection 632 containing aperture 634 to which isattached smart memory alloy wire 642. Smart memory alloy wire 642 isconnected electrically to printed circuit board 638 which in turn ishard wired via wires 640 to an energy source (not shown). Electricalwire 636 completes the circuit for smart memory alloy wire 642.

Fastening system 610 is intended to be inserted into the edge of a panelthrough a round hole or bore in the panel, with wires 640 projectingfrom the rear of the panel. Jaws 614 engage latch 644 on externalelement 646, in order to secure the panel (not shown) to the externalelement 646.

To attach the panel to the external element 646, smart memory alloy wire642 is energised by the external energy source via wires 640 to causesmart memory alloy wire 642 to heat and contract to the position shownin FIG. 52. In this position, block 618 has been drawn back so that stop626 forces jaws 614 apart. The panel is positioned so that jaws 614 arepoised around latch 644. At this stage, power to smart memory alloy wire642 is cut off and smart memory alloy wire 642 cools and elongates tothe configuration shown in FIG. 54. Coil spring 628 pushes block 618 tothe left (towards latch 644). Stop 626 is no longer bearing against thebase of jaws 614 and accordingly jaws 614 close as shown in FIGS. 54 and55, engaging latch 644. In this way, the panel is fastened to theexternal element 646.

To remove the panel, smart memory alloy wire 642 is again energised sothat it heats and contracts and fastening system 610 assumes theposition shown in FIG. 52, releasing jaws 614 from latch 644.

As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, the design of engagementmeans 612 can be varied considerably from that shown in FIGS. 52 to 55,as can latch 644. Engagement means 612 and block 618 may be provided asa module, replaceable by a different module with a different engagementmechanism.

Fastening system 610 as illustrated in FIGS. 52 to 55 is a type of“inline” fastener.

Fastening system 650 illustrated in FIG. 56 is another type of “inline”fastener. In this second embodiment, fastening system 650 is shown assuitable for use in connection with a fuel filler cap. The engagementmeans in FIG. 56 may be substituted for engagement means 612 in FIGS. 52to 55. in FIG. 56, the same parts will be given the same numbers as inFIGS. 52 to 55.

Fastening system 650 has engagement means 652 which includes rod 654(circular in cross section) integral with block 656, Rubber grommet 658ensures a liquid and gas-tight seal between rod 654 and the mechanism offastening system 650.

Fastening system 650 is shown with engagement means 652 in the lockingposition, so that rod 654 is engaging a fuel filler cap (not shown). Rod654 may have a squared off end 660 as shown in FIG. 56 or a ramped end662 as shown in dotted outline. The configuration in this regard willdepend on the type of engagement between rod 654 and the fuel fillercap.

Coil spring 628 urges engagement means 652 towards the locking position.Shape memory alloy wire 642, activatable as described above, cancontract to draw engagement means 652 to the unlocking position, throughattachment of shape memory alloy wire 642 in aperture 634 of projection632 from block 656.

Locking and unlocking generally takes place as described in relation tothe embodiment in FIGS. 52 to 55, in relation to contraction of smartmemory wire 642.

It is intended that fastening system 650 will be located within or closeto the fuel filler cavity of a vehicle, activation taking place as theresult of pressing a button on the vehicle dashboard or pressing abutton on the vehicle key fob.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 57 is a fastening system for a fuel fillercap which differs from that in FIG. 56 in two respects. Firstly, theembodiment in FIG. 57 permits a longer “travel” for the fuel fillercatch. Secondly, the embodiment in FIG. 57 includes a manual override incase there is some malfunction of the activation system from the vehicledashboard or from the vehicle key fob.

In FIG. 57, fastening system 670 has engagement means 672 which includestongue 674. Engagement means 672 is biased towards the locking position,as shown in FIG. 57, by coil spring 628, which in this embodiment ispositioned between block 676 and housing portion 678.

Shape memory alloy wire 642 is attached at both ends to printed circuitboard (PCB) 680 retained in channels 682 within housing 684. Shapememory alloy wire 642 travels from panel 680, where it is fixed throughstop 686, over spindle 688, from there to spindle 690 and then to block676 and returns to pcb 680. This greatly increased the length of shapememory alloy wire 642 which in turn enables a greater distance of travelfor engagement means 672.

The embodiment in FIG. 57 includes manual override pull 692, which isattached to block 676 by wires 694. Wires 694 are not of shape memoryalloy wire and simply provide a mechanical connection between pull 692and block 676. In case of failure of shape memory alloy wire 642 to beactivated, through power provided by an external source (not shown)through wires 640, pull 692 may be used to mechanically draw engagementmeans 672 to the right of the position shown in FIG. 57, disengagingtongue 674 from the fuel filler cap (not shown).

Referring to the embodiment of the next aspect of the invention, inFIGS. 58 to 61, fastening system 600 has first engagement means, beingarms 594 and protrusion 596, and second engagement means, beingcomplementary cavity 598 in cap 602. Fastening system 600 is intended tohold cap 602 onto base 604.

Locking element 606 is in strip form and is slidable vertically betweenarms 594, as can be seen from comparing FIGS. 58 and 59 to FIGS. 60 and61. Lugs 607 which assist location of locking element 606 between arms594 are located in slots 609 in locking element 606.

Locking element 606 is attached to shape memory alloy wire 40. Thetension in wire 40 can be adjusted by tension screw 1110.

Spring 1112 assists in maintaining fastening system 600 in the locked,state when no power is applied and also assists in returning spring 40to its original, elongated status when it cools after contraction.

Batteries 37 are activated by switch 39 to provide power to fasteningsystem 600. Printed circuit board 1108 programs the amount of power fedto wire 40. For example, printed circuit board 1108 can permit power tobe fed to wire 40 in a series of steps until the desired temperature hasbeen reached, at which stage printed circuit board 1108 can switch offthe power to allow wire 40 to relax. Printed circuit board 1108 can alsoprovide reports on the status, history, etc of fastening system 600.

The embodiment of the aspect of the invention in FIG. 62 does not show astrip form of locking element as in the previous embodiment. However,generally, the same numerals will be used for convenience. In the FIG.62 embodiment, fastening system 600 has first engagement means includingarms 594 and protrusions 596. Second engagement means is comprised bycavity 598 in cap 602. As shown, cap 602 is locked to base 604 whenprotrusions 96 are engaged in cavity 98 by brass slug 1114, which inthis embodiment is the locking element. Brass slug 1114 is attached tosmart memory alloy wire 40 as shown. Spring 1112 urges brass slug 1114to its locking position between protrusions 96. When switch 39 isactivated, printed circuit board 1118 ensures that batteries 37 providethe appropriate power to wire 40 to heat wire 40 to the temperature atwhich it contracts, drawing slug 1114 out of position betweenprotrusions 596. At this stage, protrusions 596, which are biasedinwardly on arms 594, can clear cavities 598 and allow cap 602 to bereleased from base 604.

Charging contact 49 is provided for recharging batteries 37. Chargingcontact 49 may take the form of a socket or plug to be mated with acorresponding plug or socket (not shown).

Turning now to FIGS. 63 to 68, framing system 10 (only part of which canbe seen in this Figure) has several attachment nodes 12 which are hiddenfrom view in most cases by the fairings and cowlings attached to frame10. The fastener at attachment node 12 a is preferably of the typeillustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 and the fastener at attachment node 12 b ispreferably of the type illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 7.

Individual attachments are shown in FIGS. 64 and 65, where pannier 14 isto be attached to framing system 10. Pannier 14 has two fasteners 16 forinsertion in attachment nodes 12. Fasteners 16 preferably are the typeillustrated in FIGS. 14 to 16, described above. FIG. 65 shows pannier 14mounted securely in place. As can be seen in FIG. 65, fasteners 16 arehidden when pannier 14 is mounted. Pannier 14 cannot be removed withoutauthority, without damage to pannier 14 and this can enhance security.

Turning now to FIG. 66, frame 10 has attachment nodes 12 for twoalternate versions of seat 18 a and 18 b. Seat 18 a is a single seatwhilst 18 b is a double seat with a luggage carrier 20. This Figureillustrates the versatility of the framing system of the invention whenapplied to a motor cycle. When touring, seat 18 a can be removed andreplaced by seat 18 b, for example.

FIG. 68 shows in diagrammatic form the attachment of windscreen 22 toframing system 10 by suitable fasteners (not shown). Windscreen 22 canbe removed when not required.

In FIG. 68, GPS system 24 is shown as attachable to handlebars 23. Inthe same Figure, fuel filler cap 28 can be included in the framingsystem of the invention. This can help to prevent, theft of fuel sincefuel filler cap 28 cannot be removed without authorisation or withoutconsiderable damage.

In FIG. 69, shape memory alloy wire 40 is shown encased in elastomericmaterial 144. In FIG. 69, SMA wire 40 is in the relaxed, uncontractedstate. In FIG. 70, wire 40 has contracted, causing elastomeric material144 to be compressed vertically. Elastomeric material 144 retains thetendency to return to the original configuration in FIG. 69.Consequently, as soon as wire 40 has been allowed to cool to therequired temperature, it relaxes and returns to the configuration inFIG. 69 under the influence of elastomeric material 144.

In the FIG. 71 and FIG. 72 embodiment, there are three SMA wires, 40 a,40 b and 40 c. When wires 40 a and 40 b are heated to contract,elastomeric material 144 bends to the left side as shown in FIG. 72.When wires 40 a and 40 b relax, elastomeric material 144, with itstendency to restore itself to the original shape, will stretch out wires40 a and 40 b to the configuration shown in FIG. 71.

It will be appreciated that wire 40 c, if activated, will bendelastomeric material 144 to the right.

In FIGS. 73 and 74, SMA wire 40 is wrapped around elastomeric material144 to form a spiral. When wire 40 is activated to contract, itcompresses elastomeric material 144 which thus elongates as shown inFIG. 74. The tendency of elastomeric material 144 to return to itsoriginal shape will urge wire 40 to extend, when it has cooledsufficiently, to return the assembly to the FIG. 73 configuration.

In FIGS. 75, 76 and 77, the SMA wires are shown as forming the sides ofa series of triangles. Together, these are situated on the surface of athree dimensional body of elastomeric material 144. Contraction ofalternate wires 40 causes elastomeric material 144 to twist as shown byarrow 146 in FIG. 77. Once again, the restoring force of elastomericmaterial 144 can return the body to the original configuration.

Contraction of all wires 40 together will cause the three dimensionalbody to elongate, as in the FIGS. 73 and 74 embodiment.

1. A releasable fastening system including: a pin having a lockingcavity; an aperture for receiving the pin; a locking means adapted toengage the locking cavity of the pin when the pin is received in theaperture; and an unlocking means including material adapted to contractwhen activated, wherein the locking means comprises or includesengagement means adapted to disengage the locking cavity when thematerial contracts.
 2. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein theengagement means is adapted to engage some of the grooves.
 3. Thefastening system of claim 1, wherein the engagement means is one or morelocking elements.
 4. The fastening system of claim 3, wherein theengagement means is a single locking element, being a tooth.
 5. Thefastening system of claim 3, wherein there is a plurality of lockingelements, each being a tooth,
 6. The fastening system of claim 4,wherein the or each tooth is surrounded by a rotatable shuttle.
 7. Thefastening system of claim 6, wherein the material adapted to contractwhen activated is wound around the shuttle.
 8. The releasable fasteningsystem of claim 1 wherein the locking means includes a slideableshuttle.
 9. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the materialadapted to contract when activated is shape memory alloy wire.
 10. Thefastening system of claim 1 Wherein the pin is a stud, peg or bolt. 11.The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the pin ends in a tapered base,12. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the locking cavity is agroove around the perimeter of the pin.
 13. The fastening system ofclaim 1, wherein the locking cavity is one or more indentations in thepin.
 14. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the engagement meansis one locking element being a collar, a bias spring , a circlip or a.clip chassis.
 15. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the lockingmeans includes a clip chassis together with a bias spring or a circlip.16. The fastening system of claim 1, wherein the unlocking means isconnected to the engagement means,
 17. The fastening system of claim 10,wherein the unlocking means is connected to the clip chassis.
 18. Thefastening system of claim 1, wherein the aperture has a shape which isthe same as the cross-sectional shape of the pin.
 19. The fasteningsystem of claim 1 which includes a microprocessor.
 20. The fasteningsystem of claim 19, wherein the microprocessor is adapted to controlenergy delivery to the material adapted to contract when activated. 21.The fastening system of claim 19, wherein the microprocessor is adaptedto sense whether the engagement means is engaged or disengaged.
 22. Thefastening system of claim 19, wherein the microprocessor is adapted tocontrol temperature of the material adapted to contract when activated.23. The fastening system of claim 1, which includes means to disengagethe engagement means without activation of the material adapted tocontract when activated.
 24. A manual override for a fastening systemhaving a shuttle movable between a locking position and an unlockingposition, wherein the override includes a manual actuator adapted tocause the shuttle to move from the locking position to the unlockingposition and means for drawing the manual actuator so that the shuttlemoves to the unlocking position.
 25. The override of claim 24, whereinthe drawing means comprises or includes a rod connected to the manualactuator.
 26. The override of claim 24, wherein the drawing meanscomprises or includes a bowden cable.
 27. The override of claim 24,wherein the drawing means is biased towards the locking position. 28.The override of claim 24, wherein the drawing means further includesretaining means.
 29. The override of claim 24, when adapted to releasemore than one of the fastening systems.
 30. The override of claim 29,wherein the manual actuator is linked with each fastening system by aconnecting rod.
 31. A first fastening system connected to a secondfastening system by a linkage, the first and second fastening systemsbeing adapted to release by the involvement of means adapted to contractwhen actuated, the linkage adapted to cause the first and secondfastening systems to move to an unlocking position by any one of thefollowing: (a) activation of the means adapted to contract whenactivated in the first fastening system; (b) activation of the meansadapted to contract when activated in the second fastening system; (c)activation of the means adapted to contract when activated in both thefirst and second fastening system; and (d) manipulation of a manualoverride,
 32. A fastener assembly including: (a) an engagement meansincluding latch means and locking means, the engagement means beingmovable between a locking position and an unlocking position; (b)biasing means urging the engagement means towards the locking position;and (c) means for drawing the engagement means from the locking positionto the unlocking position, the drawing means comprising or includingmaterial adapted to contract when activated.
 33. A fastener assembly ofclaim 32, wherein the engagement means includes a rod or tongue.
 34. Astrain reduction assembly including: a material adapted to contract whenactivated, the material having: (a) a first pull force at which thematerial is adapted to move an element to which the material is directlyor indirectly connected; (b) a second pull force greater than the firstpull force; and (c) a third pull force intermediate the first pull forceand the second pull force; and means adapted to be activated when thepull force on the material has reached substantially the third puttforce.
 35. A fastening system including: (a) first engagement means; (b)second engagement means; and (c) a locking element moveable between alocked position in which the first engagement means is maintained inengagement with the second engagement means and an unlocked position inwhich the first engagement means is free to disengage from the secondengagement means; wherein the locking element is adapted to he moved tothe unlocked position by means adapted to contract when activated, beingdifferent from the locking element.
 36. An improved framing system,wherein the frame includes one or more attachment nodes and the framingsystem is adapted to enable delivery of one or more of energy, data andmaterial.
 37. A fastener which includes: (a) a fastening element; (b)actuating means attached to the fastening element and including amaterial adapted to contract when activated; and (c) restoring meansadapted to restore the material to a relaxed state when no longercontracted; wherein the restoring means contains or compriseselastomeric material adapted to be deformed by contraction of thematerial adapted to contract when activated.